CURRENT-AFFAIRS

General Studies Paper – II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations

Context

History bears witness that the race for power and control over resources has always redrawn the world map. The 18th and 19th centuries were the era of 'Imperialism,' where powerful nations established direct military control over weaker nations. After World War II, the era of 'Decolonization' arrived, but today in the 21st century, the struggle for supremacy has taken a new form. Today, wars are not just for land, but for the resources that will control the future economy. The issue of Greenland is a part of this changing perspective.

What is Neo-Colonialism?

• Neo-colonialism means maintaining control over a country through economic pressure, political influence, or trade treaties without direct military occupation.
• In this, a powerful nation uses the resources of a weak or developing country for its own interest. It is a modern form of 'Soft Power' and 'Economic Traps.'

Why in Discussion?

Donald Trump has stirred global politics by once again expressing his desire to "purchase" Greenland at Davos.

• Initial Stance: Initially, it was seen as an effort to increase national security and military dominance in the Arctic.
• Current Persistence: Now, Trump is presenting it like a 'Real Estate' deal. Where earlier there was talk of establishing influence through force, now there is a persistence to buy the sovereignty of an entire region through the power of money.

Why does Trump actually want to buy it?

The strategic and economic importance of Greenland is incomparable:

• Mineral Wealth: There is a vast reserve of 'Rare Earth Elements' (rare minerals) here, which are essential for modern technology and defense equipment.
• Northern Sea Route (NSR): Due to the melting of ice caused by climate change, this new trade route is opening, which reduces the distance between Asia and Europe.
• Stopping China: China is increasing its investment here. Trump considers this an encroachment into America's "sphere of influence."

Importance for America at the International Level

For America, Greenland is a 'Strategic Buffer Zone.' To control the increasing activities of Russia and China in the Arctic, American control over Greenland would establish it as an undisputed superpower. This is a battle for control not only over defense but also over the future global supply chain.

Impact and Reaction on Europe and NATO

The European Union (EU) and NATO have taken a tough stand on this proposal by Trump.

• Reaction: Denmark has clearly rejected it, calling it "absurd." A sense of insecurity has grown among NATO member countries regarding whether their own ally respects their territorial integrity.
• Analysis: Due to the strong opposition from NATO and the EU, Trump's stance shifted from war or military pressure toward "peaceful purchase." However, this might only be a 'Tactical Silence.' His primary objective remains the control of resources, which weakens international rules.

Other Examples of Neo-Colonialism:

Many current global events can be seen through the lens of neo-colonialism:

• Russia-Ukraine: Attempt at regional expansion and control over resources.
• America-Venezuela: Effort to establish political influence over oil reserves.
• Israel-Palestine: Long-term conflict over land and resources.
• Greenland: Trading sovereignty through economic power.

Historical and Regional Examples of Neo-Colonialism

• Neo-Colonialism in Africa Africa has been the largest laboratory of neo-colonialism. Even after gaining independence, many African countries remained economically enslaved to external powers:

• France and 'Franc': The currency of many West African countries remained under French control for decades. France maintained control over the foreign exchange reserves of these countries, ensuring that despite being politically independent, these nations remained economically dependent on Paris.
• China's 'Debt Trap': Currently, China is investing heavily in Africa's infrastructure. When countries are unable to repay the debt, China takes control of their strategic ports or mines (such as the military base in Djibouti).

• Latin America and 'Banana Republic' In the 20th century, the United States destabilized governments in Latin America (such as Guatemala, Honduras) to protect the interests of its large companies (such as the United Fruit Company). This was termed as 'Banana Republic', where elected governments were merely puppets of American business interests.
• South-East Asia (Debt and Resources) Sri Lanka's Hambantota Port is a modern and frightening example of neo-colonialism. Handing over a part of one's sovereignty (the port) to another country (China) for 99 years in exchange for debt falls under this category.

Impact of Neo-Colonialism

Its consequences can be fatal. It destroys the autonomy of small nations, violates the rights of local communities (such as the Inuit people of Greenland), and pushes the world back toward factionalism and instability.

India's Stand and Perspective

India has always been a supporter of peace, freedom, and 'Sovereign Equality.'

• Two-Nation Theory and Peace: India follows the policy of resolving disputes through dialogue and respecting the freedom of every nation.
• India's Viewpoint: India does not support any activity that challenges the sovereignty of a country through money or force. India believes that there should be an equal right for everyone over global resources (Global Commons).

Long-term and Immediate Consequences

• Immediate: Lack of trust and diplomatic tension between America and its traditional allies (Europe).
• Long-term: If such 'deals' are considered normal, the 'Rules-based World Order' will collapse, and the world will return to the era of "Might is Right."

Analysis

Old imperialism was based on physical slavery, while this 'New Imperialism' is based on economic and technological slavery. Today, control over data, minerals, and sea routes are the new weapons. Trump’s persistence regarding Greenland shows that behind the mask of democratic values, superpowers are still ready to go to any extent for resources.

Way Forward

• International Law: The United Nations should strengthen provisions where the "buying and selling" of a country's land is considered against sovereignty.
• Local Sovereignty: The will of the citizens of Greenland should be kept paramount.
• Collaborative Management: The use of Arctic resources should be for shared global interests, keeping environmental safety in mind.

Conclusion

Donald Trump's attempt to acquire Greenland is a clear example of modern-day 'Resource Nationalism' and 'Neo-colonialism.' This is not just the purchase of a piece of land, but a test of the principles of international dignity and sovereignty. The world needs leadership that focuses on co-existence rather than expansionism. Countries like India should lead a multipolar world order where power or money does not decide the destiny of a nation.

General Studies Paper – II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations

Context

History has always considered education as the foundation of social progress. Until the 20th century, the primary goal of education was to ensure 'literacy' and 'access to schools.' However, by the third decade of the 21st century, especially 2026, the global discourse has completely shifted. Now, the challenge is not just to send children to school, but to make them 'capable' according to the future economy. The year 2026 is a transitional period to address the 'learning crisis' and humanize technology.

What is Universal Education?

Universal Education does not mean only 'Universal Enrollment'; rather, it is an inclusive system where every individual receives equal quality education regardless of caste, gender, region, or economic status. Its objective is to create an environment where 'learning opportunities' are accessible, affordable, and relevant for all.

Why in Discussion?

On the occasion of 'International Education Day' on January 24, 2026, UNESCO drew the world's attention to a serious fact.

• Theme: The theme for 2026 is "The Power of Youth in Co-creating Education."
• Key Issue: According to the UNESCO report, despite the increase in enrollment, about 250 million children worldwide are still deprived of formal education. In 2026, the main center of discussion remains 'Schooling Without Learning.'

Why is it Important?

Education is the key to global stability. It is not only essential for poverty alleviation and economic development but is also the most effective weapon to fight global threats like climate change, health crises, and social inequality. In the complex world of 2026, only an educated and technologically literate generation can protect democratic values.

SDG-4 and Global Progress Review

The United Nations' 2026 progress review shows that the goal of ensuring quality education for all by 2030 is currently in crisis.

• Decline in Efficiency: According to the report, there has been a worrying decline in the levels of foundational literacy and mathematical efficiency in low and middle-income countries.
• Challenge: Education still remains a luxury for children living in conflict-torn areas and refugee camps.

Digital Equity: The Core Mantra of 2026

In 2026, 'Digital Access' is being seen as a fundamental right.

• Meaningful Access: Now, just providing computers is not enough; meaningful access means high-speed internet, digital content in local languages, and digital training for teachers.
• Digital Justice: Ensuring equal access to technology for everyone is digital justice, so that technology does not further widen the gap between the rich and the poor.

Universal Education in India: The 'Outcome Phase' of NEP 2020

In 2026, India has entered the most important phase of the implementation of the 'National Education Policy 2020.'

• FLN Mission: India's focus is now on ensuring foundational literacy through 'NIPUN Bharat.'
• Change in Evaluation: To end the tendency of rote learning, 'Competency-based Assessment' is now being adopted.
• Digital Infrastructure: Education is being delivered to rural areas through 'PM e-Vidya' and 'DIKSHA 2.0.'

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

2026 is the year of extensive integration of AI in education.

• Boon: Through AI, 'Personalized Learning' has become possible, allowing every student to learn at their own pace.
• Challenge: Data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the limited role of teachers are major concerns. The debate is no longer on "AI vs. Teacher," but focused on "Teacher with AI."

Status of Education Financing

Raising funds for education in 2026 is a major challenge.

• Budgetary Shortfall: According to UNESCO's warning, many countries are still not spending the required 4% to 6% of their GDP on education.
• New Model: In India and other emerging economies, funds for innovation are being raised through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and 'Impact Bonds.'

Overall Conclusion of 2026: Three Basic Pillars

Universal Education is now a multi-dimensional concept, based on these three pillars:

1. Learning Outcomes: Not just attendance, but the actual efficiency and skill of the student.
2. Youth Participation: Making students and youth 'partners' in policy-making, not just 'consumers.'
3. Digital Justice: Democratization of technology so that it reaches the last person.

Main Constitutional Provisions related to Education and Justice in India

• Fundamental Rights: Under Article 21A, children aged 6-14 years have the right to 'Free and Compulsory Education,' which the Supreme Court, under Article 21, has linked with 'Access to Internet' and considered mandatory for modern education.
• Equality and Justice: Articles 14, 15, and 46 ensure that there is no discrimination at any level in education and that the educational interests of SC/ST and other weaker sections receive special protection.
• Minorities and Duties: Articles 29-30 give minorities the freedom to run educational institutions, while under 51A (k), it is the primary duty of parents to provide opportunities for education to their children.
• Administrative Framework: Education is a subject of the 'Concurrent List,' for which both the Center and the States are responsible for ensuring quality and inclusive education (including digital justice) through the RTE Act, 2009.

Analysis

A deep analysis reveals that the education system of 2026 is going through a transition period. While on one hand, technology (AI, VR) is making education exciting, on the other hand, the lack of basic facilities and 'learning loss' is still a bitter reality. Success will depend on whether we use technology to bridge the 'digital divide' or allow it to deepen further.

Way Forward

• Hybrid Model: The right balance between traditional classroom teaching and digital learning.
• Teacher Training: Training teachers as 'facilitators of learning' rather than just 'givers of knowledge.'
• Global Cooperation: Developed countries should help developing countries through the transfer of technology and resources.

Conclusion

The Universal Education narrative of 2026 is a call for awakening. This is a time not just for building schools, but for building 'centers of learning.' Unless 'digital justice' and 'quality of learning' are ensured in education, the wheel of development will remain incomplete. For countries like India, the only way to reap the benefits of its youth population is an education system that is inclusive, technologically capable, and imbued with human values.

General Studies Paper – III: Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management

Context

Recently, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) released its global report titled "State of Finance for Nature 2026." This report highlights a dangerous financial imbalance between the global economy and nature. The most shocking fact of the report is that for every $1 spent on protecting nature, approximately $30 is being spent on activities that destroy it.

Key Highlights of the Report

• Massive Financial Imbalance: In 2023, financial flows toward activities damaging nature reached $7.3 trillion (approximately 7% of global GDP). In contrast, investment in Nature-based Solutions (NbS) was only $220 billion.
• Public vs. Private Finance: 90% of NbS financing comes from government (public) sources. Private sector investment is only 10%, concentrated mainly in high-impact sectors like fossil fuels and heavy industries.
• Investment Requirement: To achieve the goals of the Rio Convention (limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C and halting biodiversity loss), annual NbS investment needs to be increased by 2.5 times to $571 billion by 2030.
• Harmful Subsidies (EHS): Governments provide approximately $2.4 trillion annually in environmentally harmful subsidies, dominated by fossil fuels, unsustainable agriculture, and water subsidies.

Important Terminologies

• Nature-Positive Finance: Investments that promote environmental conservation and ecosystem restoration (e.g., plantation, wetland conservation).
• Nature-Negative Finance: Investments that lead to the degradation of natural resources (e.g., fossil fuel extraction, deforestation, harmful agricultural subsidies).

Nature-based Solutions (NbS)

NbS refers to actions that protect, manage, and restore ecosystems, effectively addressing challenges faced by society (e.g., climate change, food security).

Examples:

• Mangrove Restoration: Protection of coasts (Disaster Management) + Carbon sequestration (Climate Change).
• Agroforestry: Increasing crop yield + Maintaining soil health.
• Urban Green Spaces: Reducing rising temperatures in cities.

Implications and Challenges for India

The results of this report are extremely important in the context of India:

• Subsidy Paradox: In India, "nature-negative" subsidies provided for chemical fertilizers and groundwater pumping are far higher than the budget of the Ministry of Environment (MoEFCC). This is destroying the soil and water levels on which the economy rests.
• Over-reliance on Public Finance: Most NbS projects in India (e.g., CAMPA Fund) are government-led. The contribution of the private sector (CSR/Impact investment) is still negligible.
• GDP Risk: More than 50% of India's workforce depends on agriculture. The collapse of the ecosystem (e.g., pollination, water level) could trigger financial instability in India faster than in industrialized countries.
• Lack of Green Taxonomy: India is still developing a formal 'Green Taxonomy' (classification system), in the absence of which the threat of 'Greenwashing' (superficial environmental concern) persists.

Measures and Recommendations to Promote NbS

The report and experts have suggested the following solutions:

• Nature Transition X-Curve: UNEP has proposed a dual strategy—rapidly reducing harmful finance flows while simultaneously scaling nature-positive markets.
• Mandatory Disclosure: It should be mandatory for companies to report their dependence and impact on nature (in line with TNFD).
• Innovative Financial Instruments: Expanding Green Bonds, Biodiversity Credits, and Sustainability-linked Loans to mobilize private capital.
• De-risking: Institutions like the World Bank should provide 'First-loss Guarantees' for private investors.

Key Initiatives of India

India has taken several steps toward nature-positive finance:

• MISHTI Scheme: For mangrove plantation along the coastline.
• Amrit Dharohar: Community participation for the conservation of Ramsar sites (wetlands).
• Green India Mission: For increasing forest cover.
• Amrit Sarovar Mission: Revitalization of water bodies.

Conclusion

"State of Finance for Nature 2026" is a warning that our current economic system is financing environmental destruction. The goal of a $5 trillion economy for India will be sustainable only when we move away from a "nature-subsidized economy" toward a "nature-positive development model." Diverting the flow of capital from destructive activities toward restorative actions for sustainable development is the greatest global necessity today.

General Studies Paper – III: Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management

Context

In January 2026, a rare Asiatic Wild Dog (Dhole) was spotted for the first time in the Ratapani Tiger Reserve of Madhya Pradesh. Additionally, India’s only 'Conservation Breeding Centre' located at the Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP) in Visakhapatnam is collaborating with the Vandalur Zoo in Chennai to enhance its genetic diversity. These developments are milestones toward the revival of this lesser-known but significant predator in India.

What is the Asiatic Wild Dog (Dhole)?

• The Dhole is a social and carnivorous wildlife species belonging to the dog family (Canidae).
• It is also called the 'Whistling Dog' because it produces a distinct whistle-like sound to communicate with its pack.

Key Features and Behavior

• Physical Appearance: It is a reddish-brown, medium-sized dog with a height of about 20 inches. It is identified by its bushy black tail and exceptionally strong jaws.
• Social Structure: Dholes are pack-living creatures. The size of their groups can range from 2 to 25 individuals.
• Hunting Technique: They are highly strategic hunters. They pursue their prey until it becomes exhausted. They are also excellent swimmers and impressive jumpers.

Habitat and Distribution

• Global: It is found in the forests of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Asia.
• Distribution in India: In India, they are mainly concentrated in three regions:
  1. Western and Eastern Ghats (their strongest stronghold).
  2. Central Indian Landscape (Kanha, Pench, Ratapani).
  3. Northeast India (Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong region).

Conservation Status

The Dhole enjoys high-level legal protection in India, similar to tigers:

• IUCN Red List: Endangered
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule-I
• CITES: Appendix-II

Key Challenges to Existence

• Loss of Habitat: Their natural habitat is shrinking due to deforestation.
• Depletion of Prey: A decrease in the population of their primary food sources like deer and wild boar.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Poisoning or killing by villagers due to attacks on livestock.
• Diseases: Diseases spreading from domestic dogs (such as Canine Distemper).

Conservation Efforts and Initiatives

• Conservation Breeding Centre (IGZP): Located in Visakhapatnam, this center works using scientific methods to increase the population of Dholes and maintain their genetic health.
• Corridor Conservation: Protecting forest corridors between Kaziranga and Karbi Anglong so that these animals can move freely.

Ecological Significance

• Dholes play the role of a 'Top Predator' in the forest ecosystem.
• They control the population of herbivores, which keeps the forest vegetation balanced.
• They often compete with tigers and leopards, which is essential for the balance of biodiversity.

Analysis

A micro-analysis of the conservation status of the Dhole reveals some important points:

• In the Shadow of Tigers: Most of India's conservation budget and attention remains focused on 'Flagship Species' like tigers and lions. Dholes, which share the same forests, often lag behind in policy priorities.
• Genetic Isolation: The Dhole population in India is divided into small 'clusters.' If there are no 'corridors' for contact between these groups, their immunity will decrease due to inbreeding, which the Visakhapatnam center is currently trying to prevent by increasing genetic diversity.
• Ecological Co-existence: The relationship between Dholes and tigers is complex. While they are competitors, their presence indicates that sufficient prey is available in the forest.

Way Forward

The following steps are necessary to ensure a sustainable future:

• Corridor Security: Forest corridors between Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong and the Western Ghats should be given 'legal protection' to allow free movement and genetic exchange for Dholes.
• Vaccination Campaign: Mandatory vaccination of dogs should be conducted in villages surrounding forest areas to prevent diseases originating from domestic dogs (such as Rabies and Canine Distemper).
• Community Participation: The process of 'livestock compensation' should be made simple and quick so that farmers do not view Dholes as enemies and do not poison them in retaliation.
• Use of Technology: More data on their elusive behavior and migration patterns should be collected through radio-collaring and camera trapping to formulate effective policies.
• Expansion of Breeding Centres: The success of the Visakhapatnam model should be replicated in other states (such as Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka).

Conclusion

The Asiatic Wild Dog or 'Dhole' is not just a predator but an 'indicator' of our healthy ecosystem. Its presence is proof that our forest is not only green but also biologically rich. These 2026 initiatives—whether it be the breeding program in Visakhapatnam or their new discovery in Ratapani—prove that through honest conservation efforts, we can bring this elusive predator back from the brink of extinction. "The balance of nature is maintained not only by tigers but also by the roar (or whistle) of its supporting predators like the Dhole."